Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrinological pathology accompanied by hyperglycemia syndrome (blood glucose), which occurred due to lack of insulin.This disease monitors carbohydrate imbalance and other metabolic disorders in the body.
Currently, diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed in 10-15% of our planet population.Cases of developing this childhood disease have become more common, as a rule, after unreasonable antibiotic therapy, stress and viral infections.There is an annual increase in the number of patients with diabetes by 9-10%.Today, the number of patients with this disease exceeds 200 million people.Diabetes is also diagnosed with men and women.
Causes and mechanism for diabetes development
As a result of insulin synthesis violations by the beta-cells of the dissolution of Langergan, there is a reduction in blood insulin, which leads to absolute insulin shortness over time.The relative lack of insulin has also been found, which can be a reduction in increased connection with proteins, intensive destruction of liver enzymes, glucagon and neurably fatty acids, changes in insulin insulin-conceited tissues to insulin.
The lack of insulin causes disorders of protein, carbohydrates and fats of metabolism in the body.The permeability of glucose cell membranes in muscle and greasy tissue is reduced, gluconegenesis and glycogenesis, glucoseuria, hyperglycemia, are accompanied by gender and polygenesis.The decay is intensified and fat reduces, which causes the increase in the level of the kettons in the blood (acetone - condensing product of acetouxic acid, beta-oxy and acetouxus acid and acetouxus acid).These phenomena cause a shift of acidal balancing balance in the direction of acidosis, and also affects the increase in the excretion of magnesium, sodium, potassium in urine and leads to renal dysfunction.
There may be a reduction in alkaline blood reserves to 25%.Carbon dioxide and reduction of blood levels to 7.2-7.0.
How Develops Diabetes Type I
The causes of diabetes development have some differences, depending on the type of diabetes.For example, patients with type of diabetes, due to autoimmune aggression and viral infections, are expanding the Beta cell in the body in the body, as a result that the lack is developed with all the following consequences.
How Different Diabetes Type II
Patients with II type diabetes have enough insulin, but body tissues lose the opportunity to perceive their signal.With the development of obesity, adipose tissue acts as a type of barrier that blocks the effect of insulin.In order to eliminate this barrier, beta cells include an intense way of working, which subsequently leads to their exhaustion and transition of relative insulin insuffications into the absolute.However, insulin-planes diabetes do not turn into insulin-dependent.
Regardless of the etiological factor in the development of diabetes, the same procedure takes place in the slowdown in the transformation of sugar that comes from outside and available in the blood.
Diabetes classification
Depending on the clinical characteristics, the following types of diabetes are characterized:
- And the type of Mellitus diabetes, which in turn has several subspecies:
- Izulin-semen diabetes;
- Izulin-termable diabetes sugar:
- in people with obesity;
- In people with normal weight.
- Diabetes, cause of development that is not sufficient nutrition;
- Other type-related diabetes and related to certain syndromes and bodies:
- Endocrine pathology;
- Anomaly of insulin or her receptor;
- Pancreas diseases;
- certain genetic syndromes;
- Conditions caused by chemical effects or drug-taking;
- the state of mixed etiological factors;
- II The type of diabetes indicates a glucose tolerance violation and is divided into such forms:
- in patients without excess weight;
- in people with obesity;
- caused by a particular state or syndrome.
- Type III diabetes can be developed during pregnancy.
Separate static risk classes of this disease were identified (patients with normal glucose tolerance, but significant risk of diabetes):
- the state that preceded the violation of glucose tolerance;
- Potential disorders of glucose tolerance.
Important (primary) type of diabetes
Important (primary) type of Mellitus diabetes, which has a diet failure, is highlighted as separate pathology.This disease occurs in people under the age of 30 living in tropical countries.According to statistics, the ratio of men and women is 2: 1. The total number of patients with this form of diabetes is 20 million people.
Most often, there are two subtypes of this diabetes.The first of them are fibrocalcular diabetes pancreas.
Fibrokalcule pancreational diabetes
Territorially, mostly covers Indonesia, India, Brazil, Bangladesh, Uganda and Nigeria.This pathology is characterized by the presence of extensive pancoofibrosis and stone formation in the main pancreas channel.The clinical picture is presented with a sharp weight loss, repeating abdominal pain and other signs of insufficient nutrition.In this case, insulinate therapy allows you to remove moderate and high glucosturia and hyperglycemia.One of the characteristic signs of this pathology is the lack of ketoacidosis, which is due to reduced insulin production and glucagon release in melting.Topographic studies (ultrasonic diagnostics, radiography, calculated tomography) enable the determination of the presence of stones in the pancreatic channels.
There is an opinion that one of the factors in the development of fibro-fibrocal diabetes involvement of corporate roots (cassava, tapioca) in a diet, which contains cyanogenic glycosides, from which the planning acid is released during hydrolysis.With the participation of sulfur-concussion for animals, its harmful effects are eliminated and insufficient intake of protein foods, which are often in the population of the above countries, causes the body of cyanide in the body, which is the cause of fibrocalkulosis.
Pancreatia diabetes
The development of pancreatics diabetes (type II diabetes) has a relationship with protein insufficiency in the body, but there is no manifestation of fibroose pancreatics.It is characterized by moderate resistance to insulin and resistance to the development of ketoacidosis.In most cases, patients suffer from exhaustion.Patients reduced insulin excretion, but not as a measure as in patients with type diabetes and explains the lack of ketoacidosis.
Subtype J
In the classification of diabetes, according to the data that are presented, there are no references to the third subtype of the pancrace diabetes, which is located in Jamaica, we are talking about subtype J has a much common with the diabetes of the pancreatic that happens due to the lack of protein.
Diabetes symptoms
The first diabetes symptoms happen due to the high glucose content in the blood.After levels of levels 8.9-10.0, sugar ur urine.When you continue to increase blood glucose levels, the kidneys further remove water, it clinically manifests quick urination (polyuria).Excessive urine insulation causes a permanent feeling of thirst (polydyps).In addition to urine, the body loses a large number of calories represented by glucose, so the person loses weight and constantly feels hungry.
Among other symptoms of diabetes, such as drowsiness, abolish reduced sharpness, fatigue and nausea.In addition, patients with uncompenantic diabetes are prone to infections.Patients with type diabetes and have an expressive insulin deficiency and because of that, almost always lose weight before starting therapy.Patients with II diabetes type do not lose weight.
With the disease of type and diabetes, the rapid development of clinical events occurs and can soon progress in diabetic ketoacidos.Regardless of the high blood glucose levels, cells do not have the opportunity to use it without insulin presence, so they are transferred to other energy sources.The destruction of fatty stations begins, which causes the creation of ketonary bodies, which are toxic chemical compounds "Закисели" blood.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
The first symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis are manifested in the form of excessive urination and excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, loss and abdominal pain (especially in childhood).Patients have frequent and deep breathing, which is associated with the body attempts to neutralize excessive acidity, this process is accompanied by the appearance of acetone fragrances from the mouth.In the absence of treatment, diabetic ketoacidosis can be complicated by developing a coma, in some cases, this process occurs within a few hours.
Type and diabetes can be accompanied by the development of ketoacidosis even after the start of insulin therapy if the patient passes a planned injection or subjects serious emotional pretensions, especially during injury, severe infections or other serious diseases.
Patients suffering from type II diabetes for long enough may not feel signs of this pathology.Such a hidden period of the disease may last until several decades.Clinical manifestations are activated as a lack of insulin deterioration.
Initially, the volume of dedicated urine is just a little crossing the norm, thirst is poorly expressed, but over time, these processes are progressing.The phenomena of the ketoacidosis are rare.With a significant increase in blood glucose levels (in some cases, this usually happens with additional loads on the body, for example, under the influence of medicines, which provokes severe dehydration, the occurrence of seizures, drowsiness and the oldest hyperglycemic hyperosmolar mate.
How else does Melitus diabetes be cleaned
The high blood glucose level can lead to time damage, blood vessels and other structures.Chemical compounds containing glucose are located on the walls of small blood vessels, as a result, the walls of the vessel are thickened and damaged.The narrowing of blood vessel emphasis causes the deterioration of blood flow, especially blood supply to the skin and nerve endings.No blood diabetes fee occurs in increasing the level of fatty substances, which speeds up the development of atherosclerosis.Patients diagnosed diabetes, regardless of gender, suffers from atherosclerosis 2-6 times more often than people who do not have this diagnosis.Violation of blood vessels in blood circulation causes dysfunction from the heart, kidneys, eyes, lower extremities, brains, leather and nerves, and also slows down the process of healing wounds.
What is the seriousness of the diabetes of Melitus
All these factors increase the risk of developing many remote complications.In patients with diabetes, risk of strokes and heart attacks increases visionpathetic loss (diabetic retinopathy), kidney disorders causing, therefore, in some cases in some cases it is needed.Nerve damage can lead to many consequences.Mononeuropathy (damaged function of one nerve) can be manifested with a sudden weakness of the upper or lower limbs.Diabetic polyneuropathy (damage to nerve legs, feet or arms) causes sensitivity disorders, pain, ignition or tingling, sense of weakness in the hands and legs.Sensitivity to temperature and pain decreases, leading to increased trauma.Circulatory disorders can contribute to the appearance of the ulcers and poor healing wounds.The private lies are very deep and poor healing, which leads to infection and in some cases on the amputation of the affected limb.
Clinical studies have shown that it is possible to avoid or expire diabetes, if you keep maintaining normal blood sugar.The course of this disease is currently not fully studied.There are several unexplored factors that cause its development, genetically involve the number of these factors.
Diabetes diagnosis
Diabetes diagnosis begins with the collection of anamnesis and patient testing.During these measures, the patient has the presence of hereditary factors, obesity, whether the patient belongs to the number of singles (if one of them suffers from diabetes Melitus, must be reviewed), women state childbearing and whether a large fruit is determined.
The number of laboratory tests follows, consisting of:
- Blood tests for glucose levels are performed twice;
- Glucose tolerance test;
- Determination of glucose levels in day urine.
With diabetes diagnosis Mellitus, it is very important to find out the presence of complications;All bodies and systems were diagnosed for that.
Diabetes complications
Complications of Melitus diabetes can be acute and chronic, they are also divided depending on the form of diabetes.Among acute complications, states differ, during which the loss of consciousness precedes brain disorders due to very low or very large blood sugar concentrations.Such conditions include:
- Diabetic ketoacitosis (most common complications of acute nature) manifests by polydomsia, polydypsy, lack of appetite, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting;
- The hypoglycemic coma, is extreme degree of hypoglycemia, occurs sharply by reducing blood glucose levels.It is often the result of the introduction of irregular dose of insulin, and sometimes occurs after taking certain foods or sulfinilamide.
- The hyperosmolar comic in the seriousness of the state surpasses diabetics that is mainly located in old people, with type II diabetes.In 30% of cases, the cause of the patient's death becomes, and in the presence of heavy simultaneous pathologies - in 70%.
Chronic (late) complications combine into a group of pathologies that develop with extended exposure to high blood sugar on patient bodies and systems.First of all, the sugar more sensitive is subject to harm, they are the kind of "target" for diabetes.Among chronic diabetes complications is known:
- Retinopathy of diabetics was observed in 90% of patients with diabetes.It develops with long quiet diabetes and is manifested by damage to the vessel of the retina eye;
- Diabetic nephropathy consists in complex kidney damage (tubule, arteries, glomeruli, arterioles).Prevalence among patients with diabetes is 75%;
- Diabetic neuropathy is presented to the impairment of peripheral nerves in patients with diabetes.Neuropathy is a predisposition factor in the development of diabetical foot, which can lead to limb amputation;
- Diabetic Encephalopathy is brain damage, which is progressive.It is manifested by increased fatigue, reducing performance, impaired concentrations of attention, emotional abilities, headaches, anxiety and worsening of the thought process;
- Diabetic skin lesions are structural deformations of the epidermis, follicles, sweaty glands due to the violation of carbohydrate metabolism and the accumulation of product metabolism.In the case of heavy form of diabetes, leather becomes an elongation, rough, with the surfaces of homosor, cracks, the skin acquire a yellow shade, hair loss comes;
- The syndrome of the diabetic leg and brush occurs in 30-80% of patients with diabetes and the complex of anatomical and functional disorders that appear in the form of brown stains and ulkers on the lower leg, foot and phalanga, which can lead to limb amputation.
Diabetes Treatment
Diabetes treatment depends on the type of disease, but above all, the patient should normalize blood glucose levels.To do this, you need to radically change your lifestyle and diet.Special diet is recommended for patients with diabetes, based on the calculation of used carbohydrates, proteins and fats, vitamins and trace elements.This calculation in this field teach experts.
The choice of drug therapy tactics depends on the type of diabetes.Patients with type of diabetes are needed to implement insulin therapy, with the most difficult food and use glucose-concentrates for Ininin, with the inefficient of insulin pills, insulin is prescribed.
Insulin is taken under the strict control of blood glucose levels.Insulin preparations according to the mechanism of action are divided into three types: extended, short and medium action.Sugar drugs - are indicated in the case of insulin-concepted diabetes Melitus combined with a diet.Sugar-Sanary Remedies include: Biguanides, Sulfonilmochevina, Tiazolidindyons and Meglitinides.
With this insidious disease, it is very important for medical staff to teach the patient properly and its cousins of monitoring the condition of the patient and first aid in the case of the cacheland and coma.
Prediction for Melitus Diabetes
In the presence of diabetes mellitus, the patient is registered with endocrinologists.In the conditions of adequate therapy, the patient can be in a very satisfactory condition.For deterioration, the forecast in the health and life expectancy of the patient with diabetes Melitus can develop acute and chronic complications.
Diabetes prevention
With type and preventive measures, the body resistance to various infections and eliminate the toxic effects of antibodies on the pancreas are increasing.For patients with IIOM, type of diabetes is very important for adjusting the diet and prevent obesity development.In order to prevent the development of complications in diabetes conditions, it is necessary to be properly and systematically in accordance with the doctor's recommendations and explain whether this or that food can be consumed.